NEW YORK, Sept 14: As we age, our skin undergoes inevitable changes such as fine lines and sagging, which are a natural part of the aging process. However, individuals who have frequently sunbathed without sunscreen or used tanning beds may experience more pronounced skin changes. This is because sun damage, or photoaging, is responsible for up to 90% of visible skin changes.

How does sun exposure affect the skin?

Sun damage occurs when skin is exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, including both UVA and UVB rays, explains Dr. Pooja Rambhia, a New York City-based dermatologist. UV rays can penetrate through clouds and windows, meaning exposure happens not just at the beach or during outdoor activities, but also while driving or sitting by a window at work.

UVB rays affect the skin’s outer layer, causing sunburns and increasing skin cancer risks, while UVA rays penetrate deeper, damaging collagen and elastin, leading to premature aging signs such as wrinkles, sagging, and uneven skin tone. UVA rays also act as carcinogens, creating free radicals that cause oxidative stress, cellular damage, and inflammation.

Signs of sun damage

Sun damage manifests in both acute and chronic forms. Acute signs include sunburn—red, inflamed, and tender skin that may blister and peel. Tanning, where skin cells produce more melanin to protect against UV damage, is another early sign.

Chronic sun damage, resulting from prolonged UV exposure over time, includes hyperpigmentation such as age spots on the hands, face, and chest, visible blood vessels near the nose or cheeks, and loss of skin elasticity. Chronic exposure also contributes to fine lines and wrinkles. Actinic keratoses, rough and scaly pre-cancerous growths, and other skin cancers are additional concerns linked to chronic sun damage. Dr. Adam Friedman, a dermatologist in Washington, D.C., notes that sun damage can also make skin appear thin, crepey, and rough, and cause poikiloderma—uneven skin tone with reddish-brown patches on the cheeks, upper chest, or neck.

Preventing sun damage

Sun damage can be largely prevented with proper precautions. Dr. Friedman recommends applying a broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher, seeking shade during peak sun hours (10 a.m. to 4 p.m.), wearing protective clothing such as hats and sunglasses, and avoiding tanning beds. UPF clothing, which blocks UV rays, is also advisable for extended outdoor exposure. Regular reapplication of sunscreen every two hours is crucial.

For those already experiencing sun damage, consulting a dermatologist is beneficial. Treatments include topical retinoids, which reduce hyperpigmentation, soften fine lines, and promote collagen production, and laser treatments, which repair and regenerate skin cells, lighten age spots, and reduce fine lines.